Mai 2022 - L’économie de la rénovation énergétique

Pourquoi la rénovation énergétique a-t-elle besoin d’une politique opérationnelle en matière de ressources humaines ?

Par Dominique NAERT
Directeur du mastère spécialisé® Executive immobilier et bâtiments durables de l’École des Ponts ParisTech
Et
Marjolaine MEYNIER-MILLEFERT
Vice-présidente de la commission du développement durable et de l’aménagement du territoire et présidente de l’Alliance HQE-GBC

Alors que la demande de rénovation devient de plus en plus consensuelle et pressante, la question de l’offre de services artisanaux adaptés devient, quant à elle, plus cruciale. Si nous voulons réussir la rénovation énergétique de près de 5 milliards de m2 de bâtiments en France d’ici à 2050, condition sine qua non de l’atteinte des objectifs fixés en matière de neutralité carbone, il est urgent que les acteurs de la filière Bâtiment et les acteurs publics élaborent une stratégie concertée afin d’accroître la productivité des artisans et des ouvriers du secteur, qui sont les acteurs à 95 % de la rénovation énergétique en France… Il faut également mettre en œuvre une campagne participant à l’attractivité des métiers opérationnels du bâtiment, une pédagogie d’apprentissage ciblée et un processus de montée en compétence des professionnels qualifiés.
Dès lors, nous devons réaliser un état des lieux objectif de nos capacités de production et engager, à partir de celui-ci et sans attendre, les réformes qui doivent permettre une double révolution : celle d’une croissance massive des offres globales de rénovation et, en parallèle, celle de la transformation profonde des habitudes et des usages.
La massification des opérations de rénovation est mise sur les rails. Elle se heurte néanmoins en parallèle à des évolutions réglementaires tout aussi radicales et rapides, qui viennent bousculer les métiers et l’organisation de la filière appelée à porter cette massification.
C’est une recherche concrète du progrès technologique et social qu’il faut entreprendre, une démarche de développement qui sera dès lors véritablement durable. Pour le moment, rien ne laisse à penser que les objectifs de la neutralité carbone dans l’immobilier et le bâtiment seront atteints en 2050 : le compte n’y est pas. L’équation n’est pas encore résolue…
Il nous semble donc temps de décréter un grand état des lieux de la formation initiale et continue, et de mettre en place une task force sur l’emploi dans le bâtiment à l’image de celle qui l’a été pour le financement ou le tiers-financement de la rénovation énergétique. Il nous faut observer et relever les bonnes pratiques à l’instar du rapport « Rénover mieux : leçons d’Europe » présenté par le Haut Conseil pour le climat, et accompagner subtilement la transition en permettant un accroissement immédiat de la productivité des artisans et des ouvriers du bâtiment. Dans cet article, nous proposons des pistes de réflexion qui devraient permettre d’ouvrir au plus vite le débat sur ces questions.

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Why does energy renovation need an operational human resources policy?

Dominique Naert,
Director of the Executive Real Estate and Sustainable Building Master’s degree at École des Ponts ParisTech,
and
Marjolaine Meynier-Millefert,
Vice President of the Commission on Sustainable Development and Regional Planning and President of the HQE-GBC Alliance

As the demand for renovation becomes more and more consensual and pressing, the question of the offer of adapted artisan services becomes more crucial. If we want to succeed in the energy renovation of nearly 5 billion m² of buildings in France by 2050, a sine qua non condition for achieving the set carbon neutrality objectives, it is urgent that the players in the building sector develop a consensual strategy to increase the productivity of craftsmen and building workers, 95% of whom are involved in energy renovation in France... While implementing a campaign to attract operational building trades, a targeted learning pedagogy and a process of increasing the skills of qualified professionals.
Therefore, we must carry out an objective inventory of our production capacities and begin, from there and without delay, the reforms which will have to allow a double revolution: that of a massive growth of the global renovation offers and in parallel that of the profound transformation of habits and uses. Massification is on track. However, at the same time, it comes up against equally radical and rapid regulatory changes, which are shaking up the professions and the organization of the sector which must support this massification. The new DPE, the RE2020, the AGEC law and the implementation of the REP, the fight started against the too rapid artificialization of the soil and the brake given to new construction... provide concrete and necessary answers to the ecological and sustainable but are revolutionizing the habits of the sector and the know-how of professionals.
The majors and ETIs, which are more agile in absorbing these transformations, are starting to organize themselves at their level to face this challenge and are already meeting with notable successes. Nevertheless, the exemplary projects undertaken by the latter do not yet represent most of the construction and even less that of energy renovation. Renovations are carried out by craftsmen and SMEs which do not have the same resources for investment, innovation, R&D, transformation, and adaptation as large companies. However, it is essential that all these companies also succeed in their transformation. All the driving forces in our sector, down to the smallest link, must both considerably change their practices and put themselves in a position to respond to the demand thus massively increased.
Today, it is not necessary to be a great cleric to under-stand that we are not there, and beyond that, that we are doing too little to remedy it: the current diffuse artisanal offer is not (and will not be) able to undertake this necessary double revolution without solid support and considering the various parameters that we have tried to explain. It is therefore a concrete search for technological and social progress that must be undertaken, a development approach that will therefore be truly sustainable. For the moment, there is nothing to suggest in 2022 that the objectives of carbon neutrality in real estate and construction will be achieved: the account is not there. The equation is not solved… It is not enough to decree more and more ambitious objectives so that, on the ground, masons or carpenters take up the titanic challenge that is thrown at them… these new “cognitive workers” will have to respond to the increasing complexity of the systems which will require hybrid, personalized support, constant development, and training throughout life. But the good news is that the sector is ready to take up this challenge with the help of the rising generation, provided we have, for and with them, the ambition they deserve.
After all, what is the alternative? Can we be content to deliver our craft businesses to complexity and instability with little or no support? Can we simply declare them obsolete? Can we achieve our climate goals without them? Do we have the necessary time and the means to develop new industrial processes that would put them in the past?
It therefore seems time to decree a major inventory of initial and continuing training, a task force on employment in the construction industry like that which has been set up on financing or third-party financing energy renovation. Observe and identify good practices, like the report ‟Renovating better: lessons from Europe” presented by the High Council on Climate... And subtly support the transition by allowing the immediate increase in the productivity of craftsmen and workers in the building. Our article already offers some lines of thought that should make it possible to open the debate as quickly as possible.

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